爱的港湾！作者：爱之星！QQ：373445432

请大家注意保留，以下就业网可以随便进入不需要身份验证！
同济大学：http://tj91.tongji.edu.cn/index.portal#
西北大学：http://news.nwu.edu.cn/nwujobcizi/
哈工大 ：http://som.hit.edu.cn/glxyxgb01/sub.asp?no=7
东南大学：http://xsc.seu.edu.cn/bf/introCo ... Key2=&Post=Post
华东师范：http://www.career.ecnu.edu.cn/commonpage/inｆｒｏｍation.aspx
北京大学：http://scc.pku.edu.cn/sub.asp?id=8
清华大学：http://scc.pku.edu.cn/sub.asp?id=8
中国农大：http://scc.cau.edu.cn/Zp/zpxx.aspx
北京师大：http://202.112.92.112/
offer收割机：http://offer.xyzp.net
北京高校毕业生信息网：http://scc.cau.edu.cn/Zp/zpxx.aspx
长三角人才网：http://www.job360.com/
天津人才网：http://www.tjrc.com.cn/
江苏人才：http://www.jsrsrc.com/
南京人才：http://www.njrsrc.com/

浙江人才 www.zjrc.com

杭州人才 www.hzrc.com

中华英才：www.chinahr.com
智联招聘：www.zhaopin.com
前程无忧：www.51job.com
校园招聘一网打尽，好多学校bbs的招聘信息：http://www.xyzp.net/
数字英才：http://www.01hr.com/
中聘网：http://www.pincn.com/
中国青年人才网：http://www.54job.com/
中国校园招聘网：http://www.91job.net.cn/
中国高校毕业生就业信息网：http://www.myjob.edu.cn/
高校毕业生就业联盟：http://www.job9151.com/t_index.asp
中国企业人才网：http://www.job100.com/default.asp
中国校园网：http://www.54youth.com.cn/
研究生人才网：http://www.91student.com/

全国性的有：
51job：   http://www.51job.com         信息较多的是北京、上海、深圳、广州
智联招聘：http://www.zhaopin.com       全国，但以北京信息最多
中国招聘网：http://www.500zhaopin.com  500强企业招聘大型人才网，外企招聘和校园
招聘都有，以北京，上海，广东信息最多
中华英才网：http://www.chinahr.com     同上
校园招聘网http://www.xyzp.net          也是一个自动抓取各个学校就业中心信息的信
息汇总网站

地方性的有：
得得人才网：http://www.dedejob.com 全国，北京上海为主；
上海人才网：http://www.001hr.net 上海及浙江、江苏东；
上海人才市场：http://www.hr.net.cn 上海
广州人才网：http://www.020job.com 广州及周边
128人才网：http://www.job128.com 广东、北京
北京科技人才网：http://www.bjkjrc.com 北京
另外转载：
1，http://intern.hiall.com.cn Hiall实习社区（隆重推荐！！！）
2，http://scc.pku.edu.cn/sub.asp?id=9 北大就业信息网实习频道（可直接访问）
3，http://jx.edu.sina.com.cn/ 54club （上海地区的职位偏多）
4，http://www3.newsmth.com/bbsdoc.php?board=Intern 水木实习版（技术类职位多）

5，http://bbs.ruc.edu.cn/bbsdoc.php?board=intern 人大实习版（外校不好上）
6，http://www.shixi.com.cn/ 中国实习网（刚刚起步，信息不多）
7，http://www.cnshixi.com/ 中国实习网（竟然重名了，呵呵，广东地区信息较多）
8，http://www.globehr.com/ 搜职网（自动搜索招聘信息）
9，http://www.tianji.com/ 天际网（很多牛师兄师姐在上面，人脉求职）
http://career.em.tsinghua.edu.cn 清华经管职业发展网

第一条 如果他很瘦，就想办法骗他吃有营养的东西，吃饭时碰到肉全让他解决，说自己正减肥。如果他需要减肥，就陪他吃含脂肪少但美味的东西。
第二条 永远站他的右边，让他有能保护你的感觉和信心。
第三条 他喜欢篮球，你能陪他打一会，或是他打球时都在球场边，看他为你表演。
第四条 当他忙的时候，让他好好安心的忙，可以帮他的就帮一些；自己忙的时候，先告诉他，让他该做什么做什么去，别让他担心。
第五条 爬山的时候自己累了他说要背你，就让他背，因为那也是甜蜜，但是要在他休息时给他捶捶腿揉揉肩。
第六条 下雨时他不会带伞，记得带一把大伞，能够遮两个人的。
第七条 不会不让他抽烟，即使自己闻到烟味就头痛，只是控制他的烟量，而且要抽就让他抽好的，因为好的烟不是很伤身。
第八条 他感冒的时候，记得让他按时吃药，多喝白开水，好好休息。
第九条 看电影的时候，不要总是把头放他肩膀上，那样久了他的肩膀会酸的。
第十条 他和朋友出去的时候，不要总是打电话不让他这样不让他那样，那样会让他很不爽，让他玩高兴。
第十一条 知道他的一切爱好，尽量去适应他的口味。
第十二条 去外地出差回来时，不要像侦探似的查找可疑的蛛丝马迹，相信他。
第十三条 去外地出差，记得带他喜欢的在本地买不到的东西给他，他会高兴的像个孩子。
第十四条 不论什么时候打他手机，相信他所说的。
第十五条 所有的密码要他记，这是对他的信任。
第十六条 他也许有时会很忙，要体谅。
第十七条 晚上煲电话粥不要很久，要让他好好休息，他明天还要事情忙。
第十八条 他送的东西都要用心保存。
第十九条 拒绝别的男生，即使会比他优秀，但是爱的只是他，不管他是不是最好。
第二十条 当有女生向他示好，会稍微吃醋，但不要不可理喻的乱吃飞醋，有别的女生喜欢他证明他优秀。
第二十一条 在他遇到麻烦事时安慰他，相信他可以解决好。
第二十二条 学会点眼药水，因为他总是笨手笨脚的滴不好，眼药水要自己去买的好，按照他的需要。
第二十三条 准备好是中药成分的各种药，虽然他很少生病，以备不时之需。
第二十四条 给他洗衣服，干干净净的叠成一摞放在衣柜里。
第二十五条 男生也会有脆弱的时候，这个时候提供温暖的怀抱和鼓励的话语给他。
第二十六条 去寺院上香的时候记得为他祈福。
第二十七条 他有时候会像小孩子似的，不要烦。
第二十八条 尊重他的爱好。

第二十九条 当他偶尔醉酒时好好照顾他，并做醒酒的酸梅汤给他，让他晚上睡舒服，并在床头柜上备好水，醉酒了会喝很多水；还有最好让他在喝酒前喝500ml牛奶，这样可以让酒精少伤害胃。

第三十条 真诚对待他的朋友，不要说他朋友的不是。
第三十一条 保留你们的合影，并告诉周围所有人你们是情侣。
第三十二条 与他同患难，共甘苦。
第三十三条 去他家时，要有礼勤快，让他的父母喜欢接受你。
第三十四条 会为他担心，流泪和失眠。
第三十五条 两人吵架的时候，记得不要态度强硬，闹僵的话也别冲动。
第三十六条 不要总是问他：“你爱不爱我？”
第三十七条 和他有个承诺，一生相伴不离不弃，让自己和他都坚信并为这个承诺不断努力。
第三十八条 冬天的时候，记得为他织条围巾，爱心牌的。
第三十九条 爱他不变。

1、无需注册免费下载国家标准
国家标准下载网 http://www.bzxzw.com/article/country/
戴特标准检索 http://202.114.244.118/search/index.asp
标准分享网 http://www.bzfxw.com/
找标准网 http://www.zhaobz.com
久发机械论坛 http://bbs.98jx.com/index.php?gid=11
国标久久 http://www.gb99.cn/
食品伙伴网--食品相关标准 http://www.foodmate.net/standard/
江苏气体工业协会--- http://www.igas.cn/docs/standard.htm
电子图书检索系统：GB/HJB/GJB/行业标准/国外标准--- http://dbsvr.istiy.yn.cn:6003/
食界网 （食品工业信息网）--- http://www.sinofood.com.cn/standard/
六西格玛品质网--- http://www.6sq.net/
钢材标准 http://www.elecbook.cn/steel/
标准总库(pdf图书） http://218.246.35.10/bz/login2.aspx?uid=gdsd&pwd=gdsd
放射卫生防护标准--- http://www.nirp.cn/shownews.aspx?id=236
卫生部标准--- http://www.moh.gov.cn/11.htm
放射卫生防护标准网--- http://www.nirp.cn/shownews.aspx?id=236
化工标准-食品商务网-- http://www.21food.cn/spbz/183-1.html
有很多标准（国内外标准）---- http://www.toukao.com/class/7_1.htm
浙江公共安全标准信息网-- http://www.cnzjqi.com/safety/fenglei/std.html
中国棉花协会网国内外标准-- http://www.china-cotton.org/quality/more.php?t=quality&newkey=棉花标准
浙江检验检疫技术中心网-- http://www.ziqtc.org.cn/standard.htm
石油工业标准化信息网-- http://www.petrostd.com/
化验室网-- http://www.hyswz.com/fxfa/index.htm
菲莱达贸易------世界各国钢铁标准 http://www.fld801.com/standard.htm
中国现代制造网-----国际机械全文数据库 http://www.cnmade.com.cn/biaozhun1/jixie1.htm
建筑材料标准---- http://www.bm800.com/standard/jc.htm
汽车维护与修理--- http://www.autorepair.com.cn/standard/standard.asp
中国农副产品加工信息网-- http://www.sino-agro.com.cn/wucostfr.htm
中国疾病预防控制中心环境所---各种卫生标准（还有水类/公共场所/大气/土壤/环境/化妆品）
http://www.hygiene.net.cn/bzjyff/HZP.htm
水产品网址-- http://www.cappma.com/law/biaozhun.asp
中国气体大全-- http://www.goodook.com/Article.asp?ClassID=4
中国家具联合资讯网 家具行业标准-- http://www.fi123.cn/html/hybz.htm
中国渔业网-- http://www.zgyy.com.cn/shuichan/default-h.asp?ID=30
建筑资料网----- http://www.p3cn.com/freegflist.asp
中华食品安全认证网--农业标准齐全，国标基本齐全 http://www.haccp.cn/Soft/Index.html
中国食品产业网---包装/食品添加剂 http://www.foodqs.com/news/jcbz_index.htm
中国环保网--- http://www.ep.net.cn/cgi-bin/dbbz/list.cgi
全国啤酒质量技术协作中心-- http://www.cnbrew.com/bizozhun/biaozhun.htm
条码之窗---条码标准 http://www.autoid.net.cn/autoid-net/bzml.htm
中国塑料加工工业协会-塑料行业质量标准 http://www.cppia.com.cn/f4/a-1.htm
浙江能源动力业---能源动力类标准 http://zjnydl.zj001.net/show_hdr.php?xname=QOUHCU0&dname=KQMCCV0&xpos=0
湖南省祁东县金雨黄花菜产地直销--- http://www.qdxy.net/food/gb/category1=1&category2=15
万客在线---涂料标准 http://www.wcoat.com/Soft/biaozhun/Index.html
邓州网---食品标准及其他联接 http://www.dengzhou.net/gb/
强制性国标在线阅读--- http://www.sac.gov.cn
中国环境标准网--- http://www.es.org.cn/stdfile.asp
环境标志国际标准网--- http://www.ceniso.com/read_iso25.asp?id=23、http://www.ceniso.com/read_iso24.asp?id=30
食品标准网--- http://www.spbz.cn/Soft_Index.asp
中国药用植物及制剂绿色行业 http://green.mhpie.com.cn/InforCenter.aspx?category1=1&category2=15
嘉兴标准网--- ISO9001标准 http://www.jxbzw.com/downloads.asp
工业电子标准--- IEC/GB标准 http://free.ys168.com/?dzbj、http://free5.ys168.com/?dzbz
卫生部标准网--- http://218.246.22.90/moh/view?id=25
中国质量热讯--- 卫生标准、食品标准 http://www.cnqol.com/down/
化肥标准----- http://www.ebc.com.cn/hfbz
农副产品加工网---农业标准、食品标准 http://www.sino-agro.com.cn/wnStMainF.asp
中国质检稽查信息网-- http://www.zj12365.cn/Soft/Index.asp
电工之家-- http://www.dgzj.cn/gb/index.htm
我的仪器资讯网-- http://www.my517.com/rule/
中国木业信息网-- http://www.wood168.net/hp.asp
福建星火计划网 有关农业的国际标准\国家标准\行业标准-- http://www.fjsp.gov.cn/standard/index.asp

2、需注册免费下载标准

好好学习社区 http://bbs.qs100.com/index_83.html
中国分析网--- http://www.analysis.org.cn/daohang.asp
质量世界--- ISO/UL/GB http://www.quality-world.cn/Soft/Index.html
中国供水网--- http://www.water-china.net/gps/bz/Index.html
中国包装标准网---国内国际标准 http://www.gbpack.com/standard/okread.asp
涂料技术咨讯网-- http://www.infocoat.com
G宝盘--- http://www.gbaopan.com/
中国机械CAD论坛--- http://www.jxcad.com.cn/thread.php?fid=16
三维网技术论坛--- http://www.3dportal.cn/discuz/index.php?gid=81
标准之家---GB http://www.stdjia.com/
技术标准网--- http://www.bzjsw.com/ziyuanxiazai/biaozhunxiazai/
中国气体标准化网--- http://www.qbw.org.cn/netinfo/netinfo_grouplist.php?menuid=7&type=20

3、标准综合查询
国家标准信息网 ------ http://www.stdinfo.org.cn/GN.asp
国内外标准综合查询---- http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/webtest/access/user/index.asp
中国标准咨询网---- http://www.chinastandard.com.cn/db/
国家标准查询---- http://www.cape.cn/xxfw/bzcx/bzcx_gb.htm
中国标准查新、标准有效性确认---- http://www.chinagb.org/service.html#valid
国家标准免费查询软件 1.03 http://nj.onlinedown.net/soft/12721.htm

基于ASP技术开发的网站安全问题

在Web数据库访问的多种技术中，ASP以其开发周期短，存取数据库方便，执行效率高而成为众多网站程序员的首选开发技术。ASP网站的安全性成为不容忽视的重要问题。这里首光介绍了ASP技术，然后给出四步防范目前比较流行的几种木马的基本设置，使服务器摆脱ASP木马的困扰，并提出ASP安全性建议。

一、ASP执行过程以及在网络安全上的优点

    ASP脚本是使用VBScript JavaScript或JScript脚本语言编写的，与标准HTML页面混合在一起的脚本所构成的文本格式的文件。当Web浏览器向Web服务器发出HTTP请求，访问ASP文件时， Web服务器判断出该请求的ASP文件含有<%和%>后，调用ASP.DLL进行语法分析、解释执行，然后将最终结果转换成为标准的HTML格式内容，返回给Web浏览器，由Web浏览器显示。这是一次

完整的ASP执行过程。

ASP在网络安全方面主要有以下优点：

 1．泄漏源代码

    相比客户端执行的JavaScript程序，ASP在网络安全上的优点之一是用户不能看到ASP源程序，因为传到浏览器端的只是转换成HTML语言的结果。这一点既维护了ASP开发人员的版权，又维护了网站系统的安全。

2．持虚拟目录

    虚拟目录的建立在网络安全上有重要意义。因为虚拟目录方式可以隐藏站点目录结构，而站点目录结构的暴露，往往是导致系统受到攻击的第一步。而且网站源代码不需要任何修改，就可以搬迁到另一台服务器上正常运行。另外，管理员可以对虚拟目录设置不同的操作权限，从而方便管理，并且提高ASP程序的安全性。

二、 ASP木马对服务器的相关操作

1．使用FileSystemObject组件

    FileSystemObject可以对文件进行常规操作。可以通过修改注册表，将此组件改名，来防止此类木马的危害。HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTS\ScriptingFileSystemObject\改名为其它的名字，如:改为

    FileSystenObject_ChangeName

    自己以后调用的时候使用这个就可以正常调用此组件了也要将clsid值改一下HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Scripting FileSystemObject\CLSID\的值也可以将其删除，来防止此类木马的危害。

2．使用WScriptShell组件

    WScriptShell可以调用系统内核运行DOS基本命令。可以通过修改注册表，将此组件改名，来防止此类木马的危害。HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\WScriptShell\及HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\WScriptShell1\改名为其它的名字，如:改为WScriptShell_ChangeName或WScriptShell1_ChangeName自己以后调用的时候使用这个就可以正常调用此组件了，也要将clsid值也改一下HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\WScriptShell\CLSID\项日的值还有    HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\WScriptShell.l\CLSID\项日的值，也可以将其删除，来防止此类木马的危害。

3．使用ShellApplication组件

    ShellApplication可以调用系统内核运行DOS基本命令也可以通过修改注册表，将此组件改名，来防止此类木马的危害。将HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Shell.Application\及HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Shell.Application.1\改名为其它的名字，如:改为ShellApplication_ChangeName自己以后调用的时候使用这个就可以正常调用此组件了    也要将clsid值也改一下

    HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Shell.Application\CLSID\项日的值也可以将其删除，来防止此类木马的危害。注:操作均需要重新启动WEB服务后才会生效。

4．Cmd.exe

    禁用Guests组用户调用cmd.exe

cacls C:\WINNT\system32\Cmd.exe/e /d guests

通过以上四步的设置基本可以防范目前比较流行的几种木马，但最有效的办法还是通过综合安全设置，将服务器、程序安全都达到一定标准，才可能将安全等级设置较高，防范更多非法入侵。

三、ASP网站安全建议

    下面提出一些对于ASP网站安全性非常重要的建议。

1．安装最新的补丁。

微软公司会及时公布最新的漏洞和补丁，及时安装最新的补丁，可以免除许多操作系统自带的漏洞困扰。

2．关闭不使用的服务和协议。

如果开启了某个服务，你就要面对由这个服务所引起的漏洞。

3．设置好WindowsNT或2000服务器。

对于WindowsNT来说，主要是使用NT Server的系统策略编辑器进行相应设置。取消远程更新，取消从“身份验证对话框”关机，不显示上次登录的用户名。不要使用远程管理软件，除非不得己。在管理员离开服务器的时候，请按"Ctr1+Del +Alt",井选择锁定计算机。

4．磁盘文件用NTFS格式。

NTFS权限是Web服务器安全性的基础，它定义了一个或一组用户访问文件和日录的不同级别。

5．对目录设置不同的属性

如:只读、执行、脚本。在设置Web服务器权限时，必须遵循下列原则:对包含.asp文件和其它需要“执行”权限才能运行的文件(如.exe和.dll文件等)的虚目录，允许“读”和 “执行”权限，其它情况都设置为“读”和“脚本”权限。

6．不要把密码、物理路径直接写在程序中，把密码和用户名保存在虚拟目录中的数据库中。

7．应该有一个网站操作日志

将尽可能多的详细信息(包括用户的浏览器、用户停留的时间、用户识普通管理员操作情况等)记录在网站操作日志IP，其中记录IP是很重要的。如果用户使用了代理，则只能记录代理的IP

8．使用系统身份认证。

使用IIS提供的工具将操作系统的身份验证机制用来保护被限制的ASP内容，使得只有操作系统的用户才能访问该资源。

9．保护源数据库。

将数据库文件在IIS中设置为拒绝任何IP地址访问，并给数据库编码和加密。另外，将数据库添加为系统DSN如果有密码，可以在系统DSN设置时，在“高级”中设置用户名和密码。这样，在程序中只使用DSN名，保护了数据库名和用户名、密码等重要信息。

10．使用客户资格认证。

11．安装防火墙。

通过防火墙软件的使用，可以防御ICMP攻击和IGMP攻击等功能。

12．采用数据加密技术。

数据加密技术主要分为数据传输、数据存储、数据完整性的鉴别以及密钥管理技术4种。

Credit cards are issued after an account has been approved by the credit provider, after which cardholders can use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that card.

When a purchase is made, the credit card user agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates his/her consent to pay, by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a Personal identification number (PIN). Also, many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet, known as a 'Card/Cardholder Not Present' (CNP) transaction.

Electronic verification systems allow merchants to verify that the card is valid and the credit card customer has sufficient credit to cover the purchase in a few seconds, allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase. The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or Point of Sale (POS) system with a communications link to the merchant's acquiring bank. Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card; the latter system is in the United Kingdom and Ireland commonly known as Chip and PIN, but is more technically an EMV card.

Other variations of verification systems are used by eCommerce merchants to determine if the user's account is valid and able to accept the charge. These will typically involve the cardholder providing additional information, such as the security code printed on the back of the card, or the address of the cardholder.

Each month, the credit card user is sent a statement indicating the purchases undertaken with the card, any outstanding fees, and the total amount owed. After receiving the statement, the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect (see Fair Credit Billing Act for details of the US regulations). Otherwise, the cardholder must pay a defined minimum proportion of the bill by a due date, or may choose to pay a higher amount up to the entire amount owed. The credit provider charges interest on the amount owed (typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt). Some financial institutions can arrange for automatic payments to be deducted from the user's bank accounts, thus avoiding late payment altogether as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds.

1. Interest charges

Credit card issuers usually waive interest charges if the balance is paid in full each month, but typically will charge full interest on the entire outstanding balance from the date of each purchase if the total balance is not paid.

For example, if a user had a $1,000 transaction and repaid it in full within this grace period, there would be no interest charged. If, however, even $1.00 of the total amount remained unpaid, interest would be charged on the $1,000 from the date of purchase until the payment is received. The precise manner in which interest is charged is usually detailed in a cardholder agreement which may be summarized on the back of the monthly statement. The general calculation formula most financial institutions use to determine the amount of interest to be charged is APR/100 x ADB/365 x number of days revolved. Take the Annual percentage rate (APR) and divide by 100 then multiply to the amount of the average daily balance (ADB) divided by 365 and then take this total and multiply by the total number of days the amount revolved before payment was made on the account. Financial institutions refer to interest charged back to the original time of the transaction and up to the time a payment was made, if not in full, as RRFC or residual retail finance charge. Thus after an amount has revolved and a payment has been made, the user of the card will still receive interest charges on his statement after paying the next statement in full (in fact the statement may only have a charge for interest that collected up until the date the full balance was paid...i.e. when the balance stopped revolving).

The credit card may simply serve as a form of revolving credit, or it may become a complicated financial instrument with multiple balance segments each at a different interest rate, possibly with a single umbrella credit limit, or with separate credit limits applicable to the various balance segments. Usually this compartmentalization is the result of special incentive offers from the issuing bank, either to encourage balance transfers from cards of other issuers. In the event that several interest rates apply to various balance segments, payment allocation is generally at the discretion of the issuing bank, and payments will therefore usually be allocated towards the lowest rate balances until paid in full before any money is paid towards higher rate balances. Interest rates can vary considerably from card to card, and the interest rate on a particular card may jump dramatically if the card user is late with a payment on that card or any other credit instrument, or even if the issuing bank decides to raise its revenue.

2. Benefits

Because of intense competition in the credit card industry, credit card providers often offer incentives such as frequent flyer points, gift certificates, or cash back (typically up to 1 percent based on total purchases) to try to attract customers to their programs.

Low interest credit cards or even 0% interest credit cards are available. The only downside to consumers is that the period of low interest credit cards is limited to a fixed term, usually between 6 and 12 months after which a higher rate is charged. However, services are available which alert credit card holders when their low interest period is due to expire. Most such services charge a monthly or annual fee.

3. Grace period/font>

A credit card's grace period is the time the customer has to pay the balance before interest is charged to the balance. Grace periods vary, but usually range from 20 to 30 days depending on the type of credit card and the issuing bank. Some policies allow for reinstatement after certain conditions are met.

Usually, if a customer is late paying the balance, finance charges will be calculated and the grace period does not apply. Finance charges incurred depend on the grace period and balance; with most credit cards there is no grace period if there is any outstanding balance from the previous billing cycle or statement (i.e. interest is applied on both the previous balance and new transactions). However, there are some credit cards that will only apply finance charge on the previous or old balance, excluding new transactions.

4. The merchant's side

For merchants, a credit card transaction is often more secure than other forms of payment, such as checks, because the issuing bank commits to pay the merchant the moment the transaction is authorized, regardless of whether the consumer defaults on his credit card payment (except for legitimate disputes, which are discussed below, and can result in charge backs to the merchant). In most cases, cards are even more secure than cash, because they discourage theft by the merchant's employees and reduce the amount of cash on the premises.

For each purchase, the bank charges the merchant a commission (discount fee) for this service and there may be a certain delay before the agreed payment is received by the merchant. The commission is often a percentage of the transaction amount, plus a fixed fee. In addition, a merchant may be penalized or have his ability to receive payment using that credit card restricted if there are too many cancellations or reversals of charges as a result of disputes. Some small merchants require credit purchases to have a minimum amount (usually between $5 and $10) to compensate for the transaction costs, though this is not always allowed by the credit card consortium.

In some countries, like the Nordic countries, banks guarantee payment on stolen cards only if an ID card is checked and the ID card number/civic registration number is written down on the receipt together with the signature. In these countries merchants therefore usually ask for ID. Non-Nordic citizens, who are unlikely to possess a Nordic ID card or driving license, will instead have to show their passport, and the passport number will be written down on the receipt, sometimes together with other information. Some shops use the card's PIN code for identification, and in that case showing an ID card is not necessary.

5. Parties involved

Cardholder: The holder of the card used to make a purchase; the consumer.

Card-issuing bank: The financial institution or other organization that issued the credit card to the cardholder. This bank bills the consumer for repayment and bears the risk that the card is used fraudulently. American Express and Discover were previously the only card-issuing banks for their respective brands, but as of 2007, this is no longer the case.

Merchant: The individual or business accepting credit card payments for products or services sold to the cardholder

Acquiring bank: The financial institution accepting payment for the products or services on behalf of the merchant.

Independent sales organization: Resellers (to merchants) of the services of the acquiring bank.

Merchant account: This could refer to the acquiring bank or the independent sales organization, but in general is the organization that the merchant deals with.

Credit Card association: An association of card-issuing banks such as Visa, MasterCard, Discover, American Express, etc. that set transaction terms for merchants, card-issuing banks, and acquiring banks.

Transaction network: The system that implements the mechanics of the electronic transactions. May be operated by an independent company, and one company may operate multiple networks. Transaction processing networks include: Cardnet, Nabanco, Omaha, Paymentech, NDC Atlanta, Nova, Vital, Concord EFSnet, and VisaNet.

Affinity partner: Some institutions lend their names to an issuer to attract customers that have a strong relationship with that institution, and get paid a fee or a percentage of the balance for each card issued using their name. Examples of typical affinity partners are sports teams, universities and charities.

The flow of information and money between these parties — always through the card associations — is known as the interchange, and it consists of a few steps.

6. Transaction steps

Authorization: The cardholder pays for the purchase and the merchant submits the transaction to the acquirer (acquiring bank). The acquirer verifies the credit card number, the tranaction type and the amount with the issuer (Card-issuing bank).

Batching: Authorized transactions are stored in "batches", which are sent to the acquirer. Batches are typically submitted once per day at the end of the business day.

Clearing and Settlement: The acquirer sends the batch transactions through the credit card association, which debits the issuers for payment and credits the acquirer. Essentially, the issuer pays the acquirer for the transaction.

Funding: Once the acquirer has been paid, the acquirer pays the merchant. The merchant receives the amount totaling the funds in the batch minus the "discount rate," which is the fee the merchant pays the acquirer for processing the transactions.

Chargebacks: A chargeback is an event in which money in a merchant account is held due to a dispute relating to the transaction. Chargebacks are typically initiated by the cardholder. In the event of a chargeback, the issuer returns the transaction to the acquirer for resolution. The acquirer then forwards the chargeback to the merchant, who must either accept the chargeback or contest it.

7. Secured credit cards

A secured credit card is a type of credit card secured by a deposit account owned by the cardholder. Typically, the cardholder must deposit between 100% and 200% of the total amount of credit desired. Thus if the cardholder puts down $1000, he or she will be given credit in the range of $500–$1000. In some cases, credit card issuers will offer incentives even on their secured card portfolios. In these cases, the deposit required may be significantly less than the required credit limit, and can be as low as 10% of the desired credit limit. This deposit is held in a special savings account. Credit card issuers offer this as they have noticed that delinquencies were notably reduced when the customer perceives he has something to lose if he doesn't repay his balance.

The cardholder of a secured credit card is still expected to make regular payments, as he or she would with a regular credit card, but should he or she default on a payment, the card issuer has the option of recovering the cost of the purchases paid to the merchants out of the deposit. The advantage of the secured card for an individual with negative or no credit history is that most companies report regularly to the major credit bureaus. This allows for building of positive credit history.

Although the deposit is in the hands of the credit card issuer as security in the event of default by the consumer, the deposit will not be debited simply for missing one or two payments. Usually the deposit is only used as an offset when the account is closed, either at the request of the customer or due to severe delinquency (150 to 180 days). This means that an account which is less than 150 days delinquent will continue to accrue interest and fees, and could result in a balance which is much higher than the actual credit limit on the card. In these cases the total debt may far exceed the original deposit and the cardholder not only forfeits their deposit but is left with an additional debt.

Most of these conditions are usually described in a cardholder agreement which the cardholder signs when their account is opened.

Secured credit cards are an option to allow a person with a poor credit history or no credit history to have a credit card which might not otherwise be available. They are often offered as a means of rebuilding one's credit. Secured credit cards are available with both Visa and MasterCard logos on them. Fees and service charges for secured credit cards often exceed those charged for ordinary non-secured credit cards, however, for people in certain situations, (for example, after charging off on other credit cards, or people with a long history of delinquency on various forms of debt), secured cards can often be less expensive in total cost than unsecured credit cards, even including the security deposit.

Sometimes a credit card will be secured by the equity in the borrower's home. This is called a home equity line of credit (HELOC).

8. Prepaid "credit" cards

A prepaid credit card is not a credit card, as no credit is offered by the card issuer: the card-holder spends money which has been "stored" via a prior deposit by the card-holder or someone else, such as a parent or employer. However, it carries a credit-card brand (Visa, MasterCard, American Express or Discover) and can be used in similar ways just as though it were a regular credit card.

After purchasing the card, the cardholder loads it with any amount of money, up to the predetermined card limit and then uses the card to make purchases the same way as a typical credit card. Prepaid cards can be issued to minors (above 13) since there is no credit line involved. The main advantage over secured credit cards (see above section) is that you are not required to come up with $500 or more to open an account. With prepaid credit cards you are not charged any interest but you are often charged a purchasing fee plus monthly fees after an arbitrary time period. Many other fees also usually apply to a prepaid card.

Prepaid credit cards are sometimes marketed to teenagers for shopping online without having their parents complete the transaction.

Because of the many fees that apply to obtaining and using credit-card-branded prepaid cards, the Financial onsumer Agency of Canada describes them as "an expensive way to spend your own money". The agency publishes a booklet, "Pre-paid cards", which explains the advantages and disadvantages of this type of prepaid card.